The Impact of the Implementation of Single Exit Pricing...

The impact of the implementation of single exit pricing for pharmaceuticals in South Africa Daleen Pretorius A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration Johannesburg, 2011 ABSTRACT Pricing regulations have been implemented within the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa to ensure improved access to healthcare. The implementation of the Single Exit Price (SEP) effectively meant that the private pharmaceutical sector had to adjust from a free to a regulated market, where prices had to be cut and discounts discarded. The pricing structure changed to a transparent†¦show more content†¦You guys are amazing. Sudier Ramparsad for the initial motivation to start with this degree. You will always be a mentor and significant influence in my life. Nevi Letcher for your continuous support as friend and mentor. I am blessed with such an outstanding and talented friend. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................... II DECLARATION .............................................................................. III DEDICATION ................................................................................ IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................... V LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................... X LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................... XII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................ 1 CONTEXT OF THE STUDY ............................................................................. 1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................ 4 1.3.1 MAIN PROBLEM ...................................................................................................... 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYShow MoreRelatedMarketing Project of Reckitt Benckiser19417 Words   |  78 PagesInternational, for  £1.926  billion. The three main brands acquired were  Nurofen  in  analgesics Strepsils  sore throat lozenges; and  Clearasil  anti-acne treatments.  In January 2008, Reckitt Benckiser acquired Adams Respiratory Therapeutics, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, for $2.3 billion; one of the major brands acquired was  Mucinex.  In July 2010, Reckitt Benckiser agreed to buy  SSL International, the makers of  Durex  condoms  and  Scholls  foot care products, in a  £2.5 billion deal. On 27 August 2011,Read MoreMarketing Project of Reckitt Benckiser19403 Words   |  78 PagesInternational, for  £1.926  billion. The three main brands acquired were  Nurofen  in  analgesics Strepsils  sore throat lozenges; and  Clearasil  anti-acne treatments.  In January 2008, Reckitt Benckiser acquired Adams Respiratory Therapeutics, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, for $2.3 billion; one of the major brands acquired was  Mucinex.  In July 2010, Reckitt Benckiser agreed to buy  SSL International, the makers of  Durex  condoms  and  Scholls  foot care products, in a  £2.5 billion deal. On 27 August 2011Read MoreKraft Annual Report99993 Words   |  400 Pagesidentify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in our forward-looking statements. 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Essay on The Demise of John Belushi - 1243 Words

From Saturday Night Live to his most infamous performance of a perpetually intoxicated fraternity member in Animal House, John Belushi has and continues to entertain audiences of various generations. His photograph is one that can often be found adorning the dormitory walls of modern college students hoping to have an experience in college that the cult hero would be proud of. His most recent performance that garnered any kind of critical acclaim, however, was given over thirty years ago with his portrayal of Jake Blues in the comedic classic The Blues Brothers. John Belushi has never been described as a one hit wonder; his most recent performance was given during what many consider the height of his popularity within the media. The†¦show more content†¦He expired sometime that morning before being discovered by his personal trainer around noon and was pronounced dead on March 15th, 1982 at 12:45pm. A speedball is a deadly combination of a stimulant and a depressant, most c ommonly cocaine and an opiate of some kind, usually either heroin or morphine. The concoction was extremely popular at the time of Belushi’s death, however Belushi is not the only well-known celebrity to have died of a Speedball mixture. Ironically enough, Chris Farley, one of the other most famous cast members of Saturday Night Live and a lifetime admirer of Belushi, died of a speedball mixture of cocaine and morphine sulfate in 1997. The chosen stimulant and depressant are premixed before being taken intravenously. The combination can also be taken through inhaling or snorting the two powders together, but the intravenous version is considered more common. Because of the nature of both chemicals used in the drug mixture, a speedball has an extremely high risk of physical dependence and can cause powerful withdrawal symptoms. The reason for mixing the stimulant with the depressant is an attempt to maximize the euphoric effects of both drugs while supposedly reducing the chan ce of anxiety attributed to stimulants or sedation attributed to depressants. The risk of HIV contraction is much

Business Performance Management Assessment Tools Free Essays

Business performance management is a set of management and analytic processes that enable the management of an organisation’s performance to achieve one or more pre-selected goals. Synonyms for â€Å"business performance management† include â€Å"corporate performance management† and â€Å"enterprise performance management†. [1][2] Business performance management is contained within approaches to business process management. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Performance Management Assessment Tools or any similar topic only for you Order Now [3] Business performance management has three main activities: 1. selection of goals, . consolidation of measurement information relevant to an organisation’s progress against these goals, and 3. interventions made by managers in light of this information with a view to improving future performance against these goals. Although presented here sequentially, typically all three activities will run concurrently, with interventions by managers affecting the choice of goals, the measurement information monitored, and the activities being undertaken by the organisation.Because business performance management activities in large organisations often involve the collation and reporting of large volumes of data, many software vendors, particularly those offering business intelligence tools, market products intended to assist in this process. As a result of this marketing effort, business performance management is often incorrectly understood as an activity that necessarily relies on software systems to work, and many definitions of business performance management explicitly suggest software as being a definitive component of the approach. 4] This interest in business performance management from the software community is sales-driven[citation needed] – â€Å"The biggest growth area in operational BI analysis is in the area of business performance management. â€Å"[5] Since 1992, business performance management has been strongly influenced by the rise of the balanced scorecard framework. It is common for managers to use the balanced scorecard framework to clarify the goals of an organisation, to identify how to track them, and to structure the mechanisms by which interventions will be triggered.These steps are the same as those that are found in BPM, and as a result balanced scorecard is often used as the basis for business performance management activity with organisations. [citation needed] In the past[update], owners have sought to drive strategy down and across their organizations, transform these strategies into actionable metrics and use analytics to expose the cause-and-effect relationships that, if understood, could give insight into decision-making. Reference to non-business performance management occurs[citation needed] in Sun Tzu’s The Art of War. Sun Tzu claims that to succeed in war, one should have full knowledge of one’s own strengths and weaknesses as well as those of one’s enemies. Lack of either set of knowledge might result in defeat. Parallels between the challenges in business and those of war include[citation needed]: * collecting data – both internal and external * discerning patterns and meaning in the data (analyzing) * responding to the resultant information Prior to the start of the Information Age in the late 20th century, businesses sometimes took the trouble to laboriously collect data from non-automated sources.As they lacked computing resources to properly analyze the data, they often made commercial decisions primarily on the basis of intuition. As businesses started automating more and more systems, more and more data became available. However, collection often remained a challenge due to a lack of infrastructure for data exchange or due to incompatibilities between systems. Reports on the data gathered sometimes took months to generate. Such reports allowed informed long-term strategic decision-making. However, short-term tactical decision-making often continued to rely on intuition.In 1989 Howard Dresner, a research analyst at Gartner, popularized â€Å"business intelligence† (BI) as an umbrella term to describe a set of concepts and methods to improve business decision-making by using fact-based support systems. Performance management builds on a foundation of BI, but marries it to the planning-and-control cycle of the enterprise – with enterprise planning, consolidation and modeling capabilities. Increasing standards, automation, and technologies have led to vast amounts of data becoming available.Data warehouse technologies have allowed the building of repositories to store this data. Improved ETL and enterprise application integration tools have increased the timely collecting of data. OLAP reporting technologies have allowed faster generation of new reports which analyze the data. As of 2010[update], business intelligence has become the art of sieving through large amounts of data, extracting useful information and turning that information into actionable knowledge. [citation needed] [edit] Definition and scopeBusiness performance management consists of a set of management and analytic processes, supported by technology, that enable businesses to define strategic goals and then measure and manage performance against those goals. Core business performance management processes include financial planning, operational planning, consolidation and reporting, business modeling, analysis, and monitoring of key performance indicators linked to strategy. Business performance management involves consolidation of data from various sources, querying, and analysis of the data, and putting the results into practice. edit] Methodologies Various methodologies for implementing bus iness performance management exist. The discipline gives companies a top-down framework by which to align planning and execution, strategy and tactics, and business-unit and enterprise objectives. Reactions may include the Six Sigma strategy, balanced scorecard, activity-based costing (ABC), Total Quality Management, economic value-add, integrated strategic measurement and Theory of Constraints. The balanced scorecard is the most widely adopted[citation needed] performance management methodology.Methodologies on their own cannot deliver a full solution to an enterprise’s CPM needs. Many pure-methodology implementations fail to deliver the anticipated benefits due to lack of integration with fundamental CPM processes. [citation needed] [edit] Metrics and key performance indicators Some of the areas from which bank management may gain knowledge by using business performance management include: * customer-related numbers: * new customers acquired * status of existing customers attrition of customers (including breakup by reason for attrition) * turnover generated by segments of the customers – possibly using demographic filters * outstanding balances held by segmen ts of customers and terms of payment – possibly using demographic filters * collection of bad debts within customer relationships * demographic analysis of individuals (potential customers) applying to become customers, and the levels of approval, rejections and pending numbers * delinquency analysis of customers behind on payments profitability of customers by demographic segments and segmentation of customers by profitability * campaign management * real-time dashboard on key operational metrics * overall equipment effectiveness * clickstream analysis on a website * key product portfolio trackers * marketing-channel analysis * sales-data analysis by product segments * callcenter metricsThough the above list describes what a bank might monitor, it could refer to a telephone company or to a similar service-sector company. Items of generic importance include: 1. onsistent and correct KPI-related data providing insights into operational aspects of a company 2. timely availability of KPI-related data 3. KPIs designed to directly reflect the efficiency and effectiveness of a business 4. information presented in a format which aids decision-making for management and decision-makers 5. ability to discern patterns or trends from organized information Business performance management integrates the company’s processes with CRM or[citation needed] ERP. Companies should become better able to gauge customer satisfaction, control customer trends and influence shareholder value. [citation needed] How to cite Business Performance Management Assessment Tools, Papers

Freud Essay On Jesus Example For Students

Freud Essay On Jesus Sigmund Freud is perhaps the most radical psychologist of the 20th century. His ideas have had an impact on almost every facet of society and his works opened human culture to a whole new approach to understanding human sexuality and how its effects play a key role in the growth of every society. Sigmund believed that human sexuality should be more liberated, because humans are naturally aggressive and modern knowledge has shown that sex tells one something about themselves. Freud was one of the first people to make a generally imaginative contribution that sex pervades everything in life, even the small gestures. His studies began in the 1890s and his ideas were gathered from years of patient/doctor sessions and various contributions from outside sources. One being from anthropologists who came to the conclusion that if people were capable of being happy with so much varied sexual grouping, than sex is something different than traditional definitions. Ultimately, Freud believed that unless sexuality, which is historically conditioned, was liberated and sublimated into society, people could never fully be happy. A deeper analytical discussion is necessary in understanding the far-reaching contributions and ideas of Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that human sexuality began at the birth of a child instead of at an age where children could identify and reason with their culture. He argued that children do not have personal knowledge to understand the biological ongoing of sex. Therefore, he stressed that the biggest sex organ was in fact the mind, where fantasy and identity takes place; disproving that sex was biological. He claimed there were major stages of a childs growth that ultimately effected the rest of their life. Most notably were the oral stage and the anal stage. Freud argued that a childs first pleasure was when they drank milk from their mothers breast. He went on to say that children received pleasure from this and that the event was in fact a prototype of an orgasm. Freud insisted that as a person grows they never stop being a child in a sense. As we grow older, those influences that affected our minds as babies would indeed have a direct influence on our sexual behaviors as adults. Some people co ntinue to have oral fixations as they grow, choosing to nibble on a pen or constantly eat. Some children might turn out to be homosexuals or bisexuals depending on how they are raised. This was a very radical idea of Freuds and it proved that sex was not natural and could be shaped and molded differently over time in each individual. Similarly, the anal stage also provided children with their first opportunity to gain power over their parents. Throughout potty training, defecation is seen as a gift from the child to their parents. They are clearly treated as pat if the infants own body and represent his first gift: by producing them he can express his active compliance with his environment and, by withholding them, his disobedience (Freud, pg. 266). For the first time in a childs life they have leverage over their parents. This supports Freuds claims that sexuality begins at the infantile stage of growth. We see now how certain stages of a childs life affect their adult lives. We also see how infants are attached to their parents in every development of their lives at an early stage. Freud believed that because of this, certain desires and practices stem from parental guidance. Two most notably are the wants a child has of being with their mother and that religion is born in the mother and father as a security for their child. Freud believed that even after a child grows and has become educated about sexual activity, that deep inside they really want to return to their mothers for pleasure. .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc , .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc .postImageUrl , .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc , .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc:hover , .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc:visited , .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc:active { border:0!important; } .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc:active , .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufc872101f788283330211d38dd453edc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nutrition EssayBut even after sexual activity has become detached from the taking of nourishment, an important part of this first and most significant of all sexual relations is left over, which helps to prepare for the choice of an object and thus to restore the happiness that has been lost (Freud, pg. 288). This could explain why as children become adults they search for a partner that resembles there mother the fullest. The more affection a mother shows her child, the more the child will ultimately wish to return to her. The most radical idea about this is that a child might wish to have sex with their mother. They would then see their father as a threat because he is with mommy and wishes to kill him. Also, the idea of returning to ones mother could explain why as humans grow they are never fully satisfied or happy due to repressed sexual energy that society has created. The idea being with your mother is seen by society as preposterous and morally unacceptable. However, to Freud, it is seen as natural sexual energy being released. Further, from the parents Freud believed that the foundations of religion began. Freud was an opponent of religion and believed that it served only as a repressor of humanity and as security to society. Freud argued that its beginnings arose from the childh ood experience. Thus his longing for a father is a motive identical with his need for protection against the consequences if his human weakness. The defense against childish helplessness is what lends its characteristic features to the adults reaction to the helplessness which he has to acknowledge-a reaction which is precisely the formation of religion (Freud pg. 699). Freud claimed that religion was nothing more than this, and if society could disregard of it, things in life could be seen in completely different fashions. Until this was done, humans would be repressing themselves with added moral codes. We now begin to see where happiness falls into the equation, or lack thereof. But, first we must fully understand our human qualities before we see how society is restraining our growth as humanity. Up till now we have learned about the oral and anal stages of a childs growth and our want to ultimately return to our mothers as we grow. We have also learned from Freud that religion is nothing more than security and moral codes in society and serves as a repressor to natural human feelings. Lastly, we should understand Freuds thoughts on human aggressiveness. Freud believed that humans were not gentle creatures that wanted to be loved, and who at most can defend themselves if they are attacked; they are, on the contrary, creatures among whose instinctual endowments is to be reckoned a powerful share of aggressiveness (Freud, pg. 749). As a result, human aggression has been given various instruments throughout society to hold it together. One example is that of work which allows humans to in a way focus on other things than their aggression. Another example is sports, which allows people to vent their aggression in a civilized fashion. Ultimately, natural human aggression is another part of humanity, which has been repressed by laws, moral codes, and the culture in todays society. Similarly, there are various forms in which human sexual energy has been sublimated into society. Freud touches on the most basic forms of communication such as a tap on the butt or flirting and how these actions are methods for humans to vent their sexual energy. A person might repress their oral Bibliography:Freud, Sigmundd. Freudian Reader. New York Press, ew York, 1978.

Globalization and the Commons

Anne Essay about Environmental Collapse Essays

Anne Essay about Environmental Collapse Essays Anne Essay about Environmental Collapse Paper Anne Essay about Environmental Collapse Paper The world today is encountering a lot of environmental problems. One of these problems that is evidently seen everywhere is pollution. Pollution is the addition of chemical or physical agents to the air, water, or land in an amount that can threaten human health, plants, and wildlife. It also lessens the human enjoyment of the environment. Pollution is mainly caused by the people, and this results in natural disasters, dirty and contaminated environment, and diseases. The primary cause of pollution is the people. As we all know, our country is overpopulated and consequently, it adds up to the pollution. Since there are many people, a lot of space is being occupied. The place gets crowded, thus not having room for air, noise, and garbage disposal. The lack of discipline and selfishness of people also worsen pollution. Undisciplined people throw their trash anywhere they want to while selfish people do not care about what is happening around their environment. Instead of the people helping diminish pollution, they become the ones aggravating it even more. Lack of dumpsites also increases pollution because people don’t have enough space to throw out their garbage. Pollution also has its adverse effects such as natural disasters, diseases, dirty and unpleasant environment. Natural disasters such as flood and erosion occur because of pollution. Floods take place because trash that is not thrown in the proper place clog the sewers and drainage. Erosion, on the other hand, takes place because of the rubbish buried under the soil. The soil could not hold anymore because of abundant trash buried under, thus causing soil to erode. Another consequence of pollution is diseases. People get diseases such as cholera and amoebiasis from contaminated water, which is again due to the garbage thrown in rivers or other bodies of water. These diseases could also lead to death sooner or later. Pollution also makes the environment dirty, messy, and unpleasant to look at. We can see that pollution causes diseases, natural disasters, and dirty environment. In order to lessen these things, we must act responsibly, take care and be more conscious of our environment.

Evaluating published research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Evaluating published research - Essay Example In this section, they state that beyond the investigation of corporate governance mechanisms, there is a great deal of discussion about how good or bad the existing governance mechanisms are of non-financial firms in industrialised countries. These arguments are provoked by the fact that each industrialised country has a different system of corporate governance that disciplines the management of firms: e.g., the United States and the United Kingdom have a market-oriented system of corporate governance, whereas Germany has a bank-oriented one. The researchers single out uniqueness and peculiarities of the Anglo-American and German context, discuss advantages and limitations of cultural approach. The next section "Governance and national culture" defines and explains the notion of culture and corporate governance. Buck and Shahrim (2005) define and explain different approaches to corporate governance and culture applied by culturalists and institutionalists. This section is based on careful analysis of current literature and different perspectives dominated in modern management theory. The authors state that the public mind-set as represented particularly in the ranks of the country's communication and education elites was, to say the least, anesthetized by the nonstop onslaught of these offensives. In contrast to culturalists, "some institutionalists deny the relevance of national culture, claiming that it amounts to national stereotyping, that national characteristics can change quickly, and that measures of culture have been calibrated in ways that are themselves culture-specific" (Buck and Shahrim 2005, p. 42). Indeed, corporate governance mechanisms consist of economic and legal institutions, such as the design of bankruptcy procedures, the allocation of control to the board of director

France Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

France - Essay Example The river basins in the country are the Rhone, the Seine, the Loire and the Garonne (Encyclopedia.com). All of them played a significant role in the history as they were used as the main transportation routes before the railway replaced them. The population of the country is about 64 million of people with 20 percent of them living in the Parisian region (OECD). The French people have the highest female life expectancy in the EU; at the same time, they are the biggest consumers of medicine in Europe and the second biggest consumers of alcohol on the continent (after Luxembourg) (â€Å"Interesting Facts About France†). Andre Gide, the famous French Nobel Prize winner in literature, once said about the French people, â€Å"French people are Italian people in bad mood† (â€Å"Interesting Quotes†). About 85 percent of the population are Roman Catholics; about 2 percent are Lutherans and Calvinists; Muslims comprise about 8 percent. At the same time, more than 40 percent claim they are atheists (Encyclopedia.com). The official language is French; there are also several regional languages spoken in the country, such as Alsatian, Basque, Catalan, Breton, Corsican, Occitan, Franco-Provencal etc. French was the language of diplomacy and aristocracy throughout the entire Europe and the Ottoman Empire. In addition to this, it was the official language in England for more than three centuries (â€Å"Interesting Facts About France†). France is famous by its well-developed food-and-drink industry. In particular, France is one of the greatest producers of wine and liquors in the world. In fact, wine has been produced in the country since the Roman times. In total, there are more than 450 wine appellations in the entire country. Also, cheese production is flourishing in the country: more than 300 types of cheese, including Camembert, Livarot, Brie de Meaux, Roquefort, Reblochon etc., are made there. What is more, France is the

LEGAL REASONING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

LEGAL REASONING - Essay Example The state offers tax exemptions on property left to spouses after the death of their partners (Wood, 2011). However, the state denied her request on realizing that she was married to a person of the same sex. There was a federal law in force in the US, the marriage act that defended marriage, DOMA, which failed to include a same sex partner in its definition of the term ‘spouse’ (Leonard, 2013). She decided to file a suit in court challenging the constitutionality of the federal law provision after agreeing to pay the taxes. Both the US Courts of Appeal and the US District Court delivered a ruling that the provision in the statute law was not constitutional and as such ordered the State of New York to issue a refund for the sum paid by Windsor in taxes for her property (Boies & Olson, 2008). The Supreme Court, in a similar case pitting the Governor of Utah and the Salt Lake City Clerk, in their capacities against Derek Kitchen, Kate Call, Kody Partridge, Moudi Sbeity, Laurie Wood and Karen Archer, did not uphold the decision by the state of Utah to ban marriages by same sex couples in 2004. The plaintiffs complained of abuse of their rights by the state of Utah, since it failed to recognize such marriages and accord them the recognition accorded to marriages between heterosexual partners (Engdahl, 2009). One of the reasons given by the Supreme Court to justify their decision in the appeal was that the provision of that federal law encouraged the curtailment of the right of all American citizens to marry any person of their choice (Leonard, 2013). Further, it would deny this section of the population their right to establish a family as they may will, raise their children as well as enjoy the unconditional protection offered by the laws of the State concerning marriages (Fredericks, 2009). Justice Kennedy posited that the Fourteenth Amendment in the US Constitution protected these rights. It has always been a

Globalisations Effect on National Governance

Globalisations Effect on National Governance Globalisation has significantly reduced the ability of governments to govern. Do you agree? Discuss. Globalisation, according to Van Acker and Curran (2004), is the process of increasingly international integration and global interchange of trade, markets, products, ideas and other aspects of culture, which is triggered by technological innovations and â€Å"underpinned by shifting power relations that sees finance capital as relatively dominant and transnational corporations as very powerful vis-à  -vis the nation state† (p.3). It is obvious that globalisation has changed the world dramatically and its profound impacts can be seen in every aspect in our society. It brings about numerous positive influences including creating greater access to goods from all over the world; extending international and intercontinental exchanges, and improving economic development (Baines Ursah, 2009). However, great opportunities come with great threats. Many studies show that there is a clear connection between globalisation and unemployment and financial crisis; as well as with environmen tal problems and inequity (Madeley, 2009). Thousands of studies have been done by worldwide experts to analyse its influences upon economy, politics and sociology, yet the results are still highly diversified and paradoxical. Regarding globalisation’s impacts on politics, several scholars have claimed that, besides a number of advantages, it also results in various negative consequences for many countries’ governments (Daalder Lindsay, 2003; Van der Westhuizen, 2009). This paper strongly argues that globalisation notably weakens the ability of government to govern, especially in terms of the eruption of the internet, and the growth of terrorism – which are considered as by-products of globalisation. The essay also includes an opportunistic effect of globalisation in reducing corruption in certain governments. As a product, as well as a catalyst of globalisation, internet is a global system of many independent networks containing unlimited resources of information and services that can be accessed almost everywhere all around the world (Horner, 1997). With nearly three billion users worldwide, however, the rapid expansion of the internet has led to a global crisis of governance (Morozov, 2010). This happens due to the fact that the internet is operated without a central governing authority, as well as the borderless nature of itself (Rose, 2005). Additionally, many scholars argue that the management of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers a private non-profit organisation headquartered in the USA, over the domain name system – a crucial element for the function of the internet, has significantly reduced the power and governing ability of national governments, especially towards communication and information policy (Palfrey, 2004). Obvious examples are misinformat ion, illegal transaction, online piracy, copyright infringement, espionage, and cyber hacking that occur every second on the internet in which the government is not able to have a full control of (Galicki, Havens, Pelker, 2014), thus in this case, the government’s ability to govern is lessened and limited so remarkably that it is put on a high risk situation of being attacked. Another significant example relates to the Titan Rain cyber attack in 2004 in which several United States defence contractor computer systems, including those at NASA, the Lockheed Martin, Redstone Arsenal, and Sandia National Laboratories, were attacked and infiltrated in order to gain illegal access to military intelligence and classified data. This attack is believed to have its origin from Chinese government and is considered as one of the biggest cyber raids in the internet era (Miles, 2011). Another interesting case is the Arab Spring in the Middle East and North Africa since 2010. This massive event, which was triggered partly by the online diplomatic cable leak in November 2010, includes a series of politic activities such as protests, demonstrations, riots, and civil war that led to mass government overthrown and changes throughout the countries of the Arab League and surroundings (Jones, 2012). These activities were extremely well-organised and wildly spread by the effectiv e use of social media and the internet (Jones, 2012). These evidences illustrate how vulnerable national governance can become when confronting with the eruption of the internet and globalisation. Another challenge of globalisation that reduces government’s governing ability is terrorism. According to Zimmermann (2011), there is a close connection between globalisation and the rapid growth of terrorism globally. The technological revolution and mass media, the interconnectedness between individuals and organisations, migration, all of which are associated with globalisation, play an important role for terror networks to strengthen and enlarge their power internationally. In particular, a globalised trade makes the arms trade more globalised, thus weapons can easily get into the wrong hands (Stohl Grillot, 2013). Moreover, thanks to technological advancement, the internet, and the high availability of inexpensive hi-tech devices and softwares, many terrorists and terror groups can easily spread fears and improve their impacts worldwide by creating their online existence, popularising videos and footages of terrorist acts such as roadside bombs, beheading, or executions. The use of these means also significantly enhances their communication potential more than ever. The most recent example of this is a series of beheading videos circulated online by a terror group named Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in 2014 (Porter, 2014). Using these videos with wide coverage, this group were successful in stretching fears and showing to those opposing them, especially the USA and other Western countries, how violent and powerful they are. Another famous case is Mustafa Setmarian Nasar – a first generation terrorist who attempted to accomplish everlasting influences by uploading his terrorist videos on the internet before being arrested in Pakistan in 2006 (Shlapentokh, 2012). These proofs have demonstrated how considerably globalisation can promote terrorism. The question needs to be answered now is how terrorism can negatively affect the capability of governments to govern. According to Kampf (2014), terrorism is defined as political violence involving political aims and motives from an illicit identifiable organisation, which is designed to generate terror and psychic fear by conducting acts of violence, such as brutal victimisation, and exploitation or non-combatant target massacre, in order to achieve certain desired goals. Such activities, with their intense political consequences, extremely reduce governments’ governing ability in different ways, and at different levels. Numerous recent studies have shown that terrorism can actively affect and shape the course of domestic politics by modifying the preferences of voters and voting behaviour during an electoral campaign. Terrorist activities also have strong impacts on government formation as well as its survival (Indridason, 2008). A salient example for this case is the unexpected victory of the Socialist party over the People’s party – the incumbent governing party, during the Spanish legislative elections in 2004. This surprised outcome is believed due to three terrorist bomb attacks on the Madrid train line that killed and injured hundreds of people, which happened just three days before the Election Day (Indridason, 2008). In addition to those hypotheses, William, Koach and Smith (2012) asserted that terrorist activities also harmfully impact the stability of parliamentary governments. Furthermore, some governments might become too sensitive and their duration could be shortened due to the effects of terror attacks. It is obvious that by contributing to the growth of terrorism, transitively, globalisation with all of its advanced products and components can seriously weaken the governing ability of certain governments, or even make them overthrown. Nevertheless, one can argue that globalisation can also bring opportunities for stronger governing abilities among certain governments. An important example of such positive impacts relates to reduced corruption, since corruption can threaten the legitimacy of the incumbent government and lead to public dissatisfaction (Seligson, 2002). Many studies have been done to analyse the relations between globalisation and corruption to find out either they are directly or inversely proportional to each other. Interestingly, most of them conclude the latter. By examining data from 127 countries, a research in 2011 claimed that globalisation is a powerful weapon to oppose corruption, especially for those countries with middle and high income (Lalountas, Manolas Vavouras, 2011). Similar results and findings have been made by Asongu in a recent research in 2014. Additionally, another study conducted in 2001, evaluating information from several countries during a twenty-year long period, demonst rated that the casual connection from openness to corruption is persistent and strong, and that openness can indeed lead to a reduction in corruption (Bussolo, Bonaglia Braga de Macedo, 2011). In conclusion, this paper has demonstrated that globalisation has significantly reduced the ability of governments to govern via its by-products such as the internet and by contributing to the growth of domestic and transnational terrorism in different ways. It also mentioned that globalisation can bring opportunities for countries to effectively reduce corruption. However, it cannot be denied that globalisation is an inevitable phenomenon and plays an important role in the development of every country in the world. Thus, it is crucial for governments to learn how to strengthen opportunities created by globalisation and view its many challenges as excellent opportunities to better cooperate with governments on a global scale to produce solutions for global problems, such as terrorism, internet security, sustainability, and global peace. These important areas suggest excellent topic areas for further research. References Asongu, S. (2014). Globalization (fighting), corruption and development. Journal of Economic Studies, 41(3), 346-369. Doi:10.1108/JES-04-2012-0048 Baines, H. V., Ursah, J. R. (2009). Globalization: Understanding, management, and effects. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Bussolo, M., Bonaglia, F., Braga de Macedo, J. (2001). How globalisation improves governance. OECD Publishing. Doi: 10.1787/774554632487 Daalder, I. H., Lindsay, J. M. (2003). The globalization of politics. The Brookings Review, 21(1), 12. Galicki, A., Havens, D., Pelker, A. (2014). Computer crimes. American Criminal Law Review, 51(4), 875. Horner, K. (1997). Internet: A definition. Retail Delivery Strategies, (8), 5. Indridason, I. H. (2008). Does terrorism influence domestic politics? Coalition formation and terrorist incidents. Journal of Peace Research, 45(2), 241-259. Doi: 10.1177/0022343307087183 Jones, P. (2012). The arab spring. International Journal, 67(2), 447. Kampf, Z. (2014). Newsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Media and terrorism: Changing relationship, changing definitions. Sociology Compass, 8(1), 1-9. Doi:10.1111/soc4.12099 Lalountas, D. A., Manolas, G. A., Vavouras, I. S. (2011). Corruption, globalization and development: How are these three phenomena related? Journal of Policy Modelling, 33(4), 636-648. Doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.02.001 Madeley, J. (2009). Globalisation. Appropriate Technology, 36(1), 52. Miles, A. (2011). Why the Chinese cyber attack is the ultimate scare story? London: New Statesman Ltd. Morozov, E. (2010). The Internet. Foreign Policy, (179), 40. Palfrey, J. (2004). The end of the experiment: How ICANNs foray into global internet democracy failed. Harvard Journal of Law Technology, 17(2), 409. Porter, B. (2014). What is ISIS? Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-12/what-is-isis/5518990. Rose, R. (2005). Introduction: The internet and governance in a global context. Journal of Public Policy, 25(1), 1-3. Seligson, M. A. (2002). The impact of corruption on regime legitimacy: A comparative study of four Latin American countries. The Journal of Politics, 64(2), 408-433. Doi:10.1111/1468-2508.00132 Shlapentokh, D. (2012). The intellectual and political exchange among jihadists: The case of Mustafa Setmarian Nasar (abu musab al-suri). Journal of Applied Security Research, 7(3), 301. Stohl, R., Grillot, S. (2013). The international arms trade. Hoboken: Polity. Van Acker, E., Curran, G. (2004). Governing business and globalisation. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education. Van der Westhuizen, C. (2009). Power and insecurity: The politics of globalisation. Hervormde Teologiese Studies, 65(1), 1-7. Williams, L. K., Koch, M. T., Smith, J. M. (2013). The political consequences of terrorism: Terror events, casualties, and government duration. International Studies Perspectives, 14(3), 343-361. Doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00498.x Zimmermann, E. (2011). Globalization and terrorism. European Journal of Political Economy, 27, 152-161. Doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.09.003

Financial Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Financial Accounting MidTerm I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Debit vs. Credit A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Debit Debit = left side of T-account On the Balance Sheet a debit indicates: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An increase in an asset 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A decrease in a liability 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A decrease in shareholders’ equity item B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Credit Credit = Right side of T-account On the Balance Sheet a credit indicates: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A decrease in an asset 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An increase in a liability 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An increase in shareholders’ equity item ** HINT** - Identify two components of each transaction: 1.) what did you get; 2.) where did it come from. The debit is what you got, and the credit is the source of the item you received. For instance, let’s imagine that you purchase a computer with your credit card. Since the computer is what you received it’s going to result in a debit to the asset account for your computer. The credit will be applied to the credit card liability account for the same amount. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What accounts Increase/Decrease with debits and credits   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Account Type  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Debit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Credit Balance Sheet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assets   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decrease Balance Sheet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liabilities  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decrease  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase Balance Sheet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Owner’s Equity  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decrease  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase Income Statement  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Revenue  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decrease  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase Income Statement  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost of goods sold  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decrease Income Statement  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Expenses  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decrease III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typical Accounts A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assets Cash  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marketable Securities Accounts receivable   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Notes receivable Interest Receivable  Ã‚  &nb... ...ccounts decrease cash and appear with negative signs. 2) Step 2: Classify the change in each balance sheet account as an operating, or investing, or financing activity and enter it in the appropriate column of the work sheet using the same sign as the first column. 3.) Step 3: Sum the entries in the Operations, Investing, and Financing Columns and net the 3 sums to ensure that they equal the net change in cash. ***Things to Remember*** In T-accounts the balance are as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Asset: balance on the left   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liability: balance on the right   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stockholders’ equity: balance on the right Balance Sheet is written as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assets   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liabilities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stockholders’ equity Income Statement is written as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sales   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other Revenue   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost of Goods Sold   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Expenses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Net Income Statement of Cash Flows (Indirect Method) is written as follows: Operations Investing Financing

Customer Service and Class Discussion

MAR1011 WK8 HOMWRK Class Discussion (30 points) This week's discussion focuses retail distribution strategies. You will have the opportunity to analyze traditional and non-traditional retail strategies. Please respond to the following prompt in the class discussion section of your online course: 1. How would you classify Wal-Mart in terms of position on the wheel of retailing versus that of an off-price retailer? Individual Work (35 points) The following assignment allows you to analyze the Mall of America.You will have the opportunity to develop strategies designed to assist the Mall of America in acquiring new customers. Please read the â€Å"Mall of America Shopping and a Whole Lot More† case study (pages 313-315). After reading the case, please answer the following questions: 1. Why has the Mall of America been such a marketing success so far? 2. What specific marketing actions would you propose that Mall of America managers take to ensure its continuing success in attract ing visitors (a) from the local metropolitan area and (b) from outside it? 3. Your assignment should be at least 1-2 pages in length.Quiz (40 points) This quiz will consist of questions taken from Chapters 12-13. The quiz will contain 20 multiple choice and/or True or False questions. This quiz covers the following material: †¢In Marketing: The Core read: oChapter 12, â€Å"Managing Marketing Channels and Supply Chains,† pages 271-294. oChapter 13, â€Å"Retailing and Wholesaling,† pages 295-316. MAR2305-14 Class Discussion (35 points) It is important to understand the sources of customer satisfaction in order to address the issue effectively. Lucas provides strategies to identify communication breakdowns.Please review Chapter 7 in Customer Service Skills for Success, and discuss all the following questions: †¢What is your definition of a dissatisfied customer? †¢What are the sources of customer dissatisfaction? †¢What can service providers do to pr event and deal with dissatisfied customers? Individual Work (40 points) Service breakdowns can occur unexpectedly and need to be handled promptly. Complete the â€Å"Handling Service Breakdown at AAA Landscaping† case study on page 248 of your textbook. Please answer questions 1-4. Each answer should be a minimum of one paragraph. The total minimum document length should be 300 words.

Essay on The Social Security DebateEssay Writing Service

Essay on The Social Security DebateEssay Writing Service Essay on The Social Security Debate Essay on The Social Security DebateIntroduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Domhoff’s book Who Rules America: Power and Politics, the author is focused on sociological analysis of important issues that help to better understand how class and power work in the United States. The information provided by William Domhoff allows the reader to critically assess the key skills of competent citizenship. Assessing two organizations, Booking Institution and Heritage Foundation, it is necessary to take into consideration social security issues discussed in the book. Social security debate involves different opinions of the effectiveness of the existing social security policy (Greider, 2005). William Domhoff has developed criticism of the organizational or institutional capacity of the U.S. political and business elite in shaping public opinion. William Domhoff believes that public opinion can be used to move social security policy only in the context of politic al agendas of powerful political and business elites (Domhoff, 2014).The Social Security Debate: Assessment of Two OrganizationsBrookings Institution1) The organization Brookings Institution is a non-profit public policy organization headquartered in Washington, DC. The organization’s mission is â€Å"to conduct high-quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations that advance three broad goals: strengthen American democracy; foster the economic and social welfare, security and opportunity of all Americans; and secure a more open, safe, prosperous and cooperative international system† (Brookings Institution, Official Website, 2014).2) The political viewpoint of this organization can be characterized as corporate-conservative organization. Brookings Institution serves as an effective coordination mechanism.   According to Domhoff (2014),   â€Å"Brookings Institution is â€Å"mainstream or on the right wi ng†(97).3) Brookings Institution is a non-profit public policy organization. It is involved in the policu planning process. The organization has direct relation to the model of class, power and politics discussed by Domhoff in his book. Brookings Institution is considered to be a think tank in the U.S., which is focused on international development issues, domestic economic policy and social policy implementation.4) The views about social security expressed at the organizations’ website are different.   According to some experts, â€Å"Social Security is that action should be taken as soon as possible to close the projected long-term imbalance† (Aaron, 2013, p.1). It has been found that social security faces a crisis today. Researchers state the U.S. Social Security benefits are lower than in other developed countries. They claim that â€Å"the lifetime value of U.S. Social Security benefits is 40 percent lower than the average of those nations† (Aaron, 2013, p.1). According to the official information provided by Brookings Institution, social security policy launched in 1935, has provided millions of American citizens with the requires amount of income for retirement. However, today â€Å"more money is collected in Social Security taxes from workers than is paid out to retirees† (Social Security policy, 2014, p.1). However, the situation will be changes as â€Å"baby boomers† start to retire and the workforce shrinks due to the recession. The U.S. government provides various strategies to fill the gap, e.g. increased borrowing and taxes or paying fewer benefits.5) My own critical evaluation of this site is based on the validity of information provided by the organization.   The facts are properly stated and documented. The interpretations are convincingly supported by facts and other evidence, such as documents. The policy proposals are convincing.Heritage Foundation1) Heritage Foundation  is a well-known researc h and educational institution that was founded in 1973. The organization’s mission is â€Å"to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense† (Heritage Foundation, Official Website, 2014).2) The political viewpoint of this organization can be characterized as ultra conservative.   According to Domhoff (2014), Heritage Foundation hires â€Å"young ultra conservatives who are willing to attack all government programs† (97).3) Heritage Foundation is non-profit organization, which is involved in the opinion shaping process. The activity of this organization relates to the model of class, power and politics discussed by Domhoff in his book. The organization pursues its goals by conducting accurate research on significant policy issues, and sharing these findings with the primary audiences, including the members of the U .S. Congress, the staff members of Congress, the key policymakers, the nation’s news media representatives, as well as the members of the policy communities (Heritage Foundation, Official Website, 2014).4) The issue regarding social security is discussed at the organization’s website. The organization is focused on negative opinion regarding current social security policy. According to experts, â€Å"Social Security’s finances significantly worsened last year, according to the 2012 trustees report, because of a weakened economy and structural problems with the program†(Heritage Foundation, Official Website, 2014).5) My critical evaluation of the site is based on the information provided by the organization. The facts are properly stated and documented. The interpretations are convincingly supported by facts and statistical data. The policy proposals are clear and convincing.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to co nclude that both organizations involved in the social security debate agree with the fact that social security faces a crisis today. Considerable changes in social security policy should be made to solve current social security problems. The U.S. government should improve economic system in order to develop effective social security programs, paying due attention to the U.S. demographics.

Failure of Saint Francis Dam essays

Failure of Saint Francis Dam essays The city of Los Angeles needed a bigger water supply to provide water incase of drought or interruption of the current aqueduct. Construction of the Saint Francis Dam started in 1924 right outside of Los Angeles. Chief Engineer of the Los Angeles Department of Power and Water, Mr. William Mulholland, was in charge of every aspect of the design and construction of the dam. The St. Francis Dam was designed to be 175 feet tall and to hold back a reservoir of 30,000 acre-feet. Right after construction began in 1924, Mulholland decided to raise the dam 10 feet and increase the capacity of the reservoir to 32,000 acre-feet. In July of 1925 when the dam was about halfway completed, Mulholland again decided to raise the dam another 10 feet to a total height of 195 feet with a new capacity of 38,170 acre-feet. After construction of the dam, leaks were detected, Mulholland neglected these leaks and considered the dam to be safe. The day of the collapse Mulholland was asked to inspect ne w found cracks, found by the dam keeper Tony Harnischfeger. Mulholland considered the dam to still be safe. A moment before midnight on March 12, 1928 the St. Francis Dam collapsed. The twelve billion gallons of water rushed out from behind the dam in the form of a wave seventy eight feet tall destroying twelve thousand homes, eight thousand acres of farmland, and killed in excess of 450 people on its way to the Pacific Ocean. The total damage is estimated at fifteen million dollars. Mulholland made several catastrophic decisions in the design and construction of the Dam. The base of the dam was not widened to compensate for the additional water storage the city had required of it. There were no contraction joints, which allow concrete to crack in a controlled manner when it cools. No drainage galleries, tunnels that run through a structure to allow inspection for cracks and leaks. These galleri ...

Reflection Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Reflection Paper - Assignment Example The reading I liked most is the one concerning transportation emissions and its effects on the land use as it involves such issues as environmental pollution. The part of commute emissions and the experimental design was very interesting. I also liked the behavior model that explained the route choice and the experiments accompanying the theory. However, I did not like the topic on traffic lights, as the diagrams were no easy to understand especially the calculations. The four engineering projects in the lecture are travel behavior dealing with research on travel behavior and approaches and technologies to travel surveys. SUTRN dealing with system simulation and their evaluation and lifecycle analysis was another project in my Monday lecture. Another project was the automated class dealing with autonomous vehicles, infrastructure, and congestion during transportations. Transportation emissions that relates transportation and land use was also one of the projects together with commuter emissions. The most interesting transportation-engineering project was commute emissions that described the employees commuting options to work. The employees such as different types of vehicles, bicycles, and walking used different means of transport methods. Walking and cycling are less likely to emit pollutants to the environment as compared to vehicle transport. I found it interesting due to its applicability on a daily basis in many countries as countries try to regulate the amount of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Transportation engineering is very important in our daily lives as it helps engineers and governments plan on matters related to transport in their countries. Transport planning is very important especially in overpopulated cities to enable the effective flow of traffic and prevent congestion. Any research on transportation is important

Marketing to consumers in saudi arabiawhich facets of their multiple Article

Marketing to consumers in saudi arabiawhich facets of their multiple identities do they use when - Article Example Despite the fact that cross border trade of various entities like people, products, ideas, etc. have resulted in cultures getting mixed up and losing their core identity, yet the foreign element in the home culture has not fully revamped the local culture anywhere in the world; the glimpse of the home culture remains there no matter how much the foreign culture influences it. However, this phenomenon does lead to the outcome that culture is no more a static variable but is dynamic and continues to grow as embedding of culture takes place. This dynamicity and the cross border trade has actually led individuals into behaving differently in a differing set of circumstances or simply put, they tend to portray different culture or cultural identities in different situations. Observations reveal that this is a major issue with immigrants in particular as they face dual challenge; adapt to the local environment and retain their identity. Subsequently, the arising phenomenon leads to the out come that consumers tend to utilize varying facets as they come across different situations. The purpose of this research is to analyze and differentiate between situations and circumstances that make consumer use one of the facets and prefer one over the other defining a varying consumer and consumption pattern. This research is to be conducted in the environment of Saudi Arabia. In particular, this research is aimed at investigating and highlighting the cultural variables that derive the process of marketing communication, perception of quality of service, and choice of consumption in the various categories of products and/or services. Consider the example of a young lady in Saudi Arabia; the first consideration when going out would be towards religious concerns in terms of meat and choice of restaurants. The same lady would definitely move beyond religious considerations when choosing an institute to study, for example. Even when the female goes towards shopping, the consideration and precedence for fashion and societal acceptability might be on the higher side. Similarl y, her attraction to an advertisement may be totally opposite to what her clothing or religion or institute depict her personality to be. Understanding, comprehending and investigating the variables that derive these patterns of choice and consumption is the underlying aim of this research. Saudi Arabia has a different and unique set of characteristics that are associated with its dynamics and other variables. Some of these are listed as below: Firstly, the population constitutes various nationals present, and some of them tend to be influential due to the background or their strength. Secondly, the fact remains that Saudi Arabia is an expatriate driven economy, and the expats there have strong affiliation with their nations as they cannot gain the citizenship status therewith. Thirdly, Saudi Arabia nationals have this tendency of traveling overseas and interacting with individuals from various customs, backgrounds, religions, cultures, norms, etc. Another point of consideration is the tremendous growth that is currently

Issues in eDUCATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Issues in eDUCATION - Essay Example In order to provide a good quality education to students, teachers should develop new teaching and learning strategies that could increase the students’ motivation in learning. By doing so, school teachers will be able to convert the students’ negative learning attitude into a positive attitude and behaviour. (Schweinle et al., 2006) For the purpose of this study, the researcher will discuss the factors that could increase the students’ misbehaviour inside the classroom including: (1) the size of the classroom; (2) differences in learning capabilities of each student within an inclusive classroom; (3) Medical or Genetic Factors; (4) school teachers’ inability to develop an outstanding classroom environment that could increase the students’ curiosity in learning; and (5) other factors: boredom in class or frustration in learning. Knowing these factors will enable the readers to have a better idea on how to control the students’ misbehaviour in class. As part of controlling the students’ misbehaviour, the researcher will first examine the difference between disciplinary actions using the managerial and educational activity prior to concluding which among the two methods are more effective in managing a class. Among the five possible factors that could increase the student’s misbehaviour inside the classroom including: (1) classroom size; (2) differences in learning capabilities of each student within an inclusive classroom; (3) medical or genetic factors; (4) school teachers’ failure to develop an outstanding classroom environment that could increase the students’ curiosity in learning; and (5) other factors that could cause boredom in class or frustration in learning; the most important factor that school teachers should artistically learn to control within an inclusive classroom is the medical and genetic factors. This is primarily because other factors could

Communication Barriers Essay Example for Free

Communication Barriers Essay Environmental factors can affect the communication between the older adult and the nurse (Ruan Lambert, 2007). Some of these factors provided by older adults included not being familiar with the hospital floor, dark rooms, loud noises, the amount of patients needing attention (especially when their illness is severe), visitors and family and the age difference between the older adult and the nurse (Ruan Lambert, 2007). The age difference could potentially make a patient feel as though they have very little in common with the nurse (Ruan Lambert, 2007). It is important that nurses recognize these environmental factors because of the significance of the nurse and patient relationship. Nurse Barriers Four key barriers that impact the patient and nurse relationship are recognized in the results of a questionnaire research project (Ruan Lambert, 2007). The four barriers include â€Å"working without a sincere attitude, showing no respect to elderly patients, being unfriendly, and transferring a sense of hopelessness to the patient† (Ruan Lambert, 2007). Ruan and Lambert (2007) continue by mentioning that nurse’s focus more on the communication aspects of physical activity, whereas the patients are more attracted to the physical process of verbal communication. Patient Barriers Three key barriers are established throughout the results of the questionnaire. These results include â€Å"not trusting the nurse, being hearing-impaired, and pretending to understand† (Ruan Lambert, 2007). The number one barrier of communication differs between the nurses and the older adults. The nurses listed the top barrier to be because the patient is not feeling well and forgets things easily, whereas the patients identified the top barrier to be related to hearing difficulties (Ruan Lambert, 2007). Resources Understanding the risks involving communication barriers, it is important to be aware of the resources available to give patients the holistic care that they deserve. McCabe (2004) asserted, â€Å"Patient-centered communication has been shown to promote patients’ satisfaction with care, as well as their health status† (as cited in Ruan and Lambert, 2008). Mui et al. (2007) state if an individual is not fluent in the language provided by the Health Care Provider it may cause feelings of humiliation and result in not seeking health care. According to ED Management (2012) language support for patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) is obligatory by law if the hospital obtains federal funds. It is suggested that a professional interpreter be present throughout the care of a client to minimize the communication barriers that could result in negative consequences (ED Management, 2012). If the professional interpreter services are not available, insufficient clarification and comprehension can be considered prejudiced towards those in which don’t use English as a first language (Mui et al., 2007). Another resource available would be providing the patient with a social worker to further their care. This would allow the social worker to assess additional needs of medical care, mental health, and other services available (Mui et al., 2007). Additionally, Mui et al. (2007) states that the social workers can access other organizations that could provide the professional interpreter. Having a family member involved in the care of the patient allows for improved communication. Badger, Clarke, Pumphry, and Clifford (2012) suggest that family members take the time to write down words and phrases in both their preferred language along with English to assist in communication when the family is not available. In several situations when a professional interpreter is not available, the family will be asked to interpret to provide the health care professionals with more accurate communication (Badger et al., 2012). Northern Health provides an interpreter service in which you request through your general practitioner when you book an appointment (Northern Health, 2013). The Transcultural and Language Services Department (TALS) provide interpreting services, translation of medical content, along with research and education (Northern Health, 2013). Application of Personal Experience After further research, there are several actions that I will do differently when working with a client that uses English as a second language. I strongly believe that professional translation services must always be available in our health care system despite the need for funding. Reviewing the data related to the number of older adults that use English as a second language, it is essential that translation services be implemented. With this knowledge, I will provide my patient with the information regarding a professional interpreter and see if that is an option they would want involved in their care. Included in the information I would provide to the patient would be that â€Å"addressing language needs of older immigrants would reduce linguistic disparities, improve access to health care, and eventually improve the health status† (Kim et al., 2011). I believe that providing education on the reasons why this resource would be beneficial to their overall health and care would allow the patient to find it more incising rather than feeling humiliated. It is my responsibility as a student nurse to provide additional resources in which are out of my scope of support in order to give the best holistic care for the patient. Delivering information to the patient on the further resources that social workers are able to access may draw further interest to the patient. I feel that involving a social worker would be beneficial to anyone’s care despite the reasoning for being in the hospital. For example, the research provided stated that older adults tend to not reach out to health care resources because they feel humiliated. Providing a social worker would then allow further care whether it involved health care needs, financial assistance, or the use of an interpreter.

Stanley Kubricks The Shining Essay examples -- Kubrick Shining Horror

Stanley Kubrick's The Shining (1980) initially received quite a bit of negative criticism. The film irritated many Stephen King fans (and King himself) because it differed so greatly from the novel. The Shining also disappointed many filmgoers who expected a conventional slasher film. After all, Kubrick said it would be "the scariest horror movie of all time."1 Kubrick's films, however, never fully conform to their respective genres; they transcend generic expectations. In the same way that 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) is not just another outer-space sci-fi flick, The Shining is not a typical horror movie. The monsters in The Shining originate not from dark wooded areas, but from the recesses of the mysterious human mind-in broad daylight, at that. Perhaps Kubrick said The Shining is "the scariest horror movie of all time" not because it offers a bit of suspense, blood, and gore, but because it shines a light on the inherently evil nature of humankind on psychological and sociol ogical levels. After Kubrick bought the rights to Stephen King's 1977 novel The Shining and hired novelist Diane Johnson to help write the screenplay, both Johnson and Kubrick read Freud's essay on "The Uncanny" and Bruno Bettelheim's book about fairy tales, The Uses of Enchantment.2 Kubrick obviously wanted to surpass the intellectual depth of contemporary horror films such as The Exorcist and Omen. He said he was attracted to Stephen King's novel because "there's something inherently wrong with the human personality. There's an evil side to it. One of the things that horror stories can do is to show us the archetypes of the unconscious: we can see the dark side without having to confront it directly." 2 In order to transfer his vision of the "dark side" to the screen, however, Kubrick had to substantially alter the story in King's novel. With the help of Johnson, Kubrick threw out most of King's ectoplasmic interventions-many ghosts, the demonic elevator, the deadly drainpipe, the swarming wasps, and the sinister hedge animals that come to life. Apparently Kubrick could not find special effects to animate the shrubbery in a satisfactory manner. 2 Kubrick also dispensed with virtually all of Jack Torrance's troubled history and his gradual descent into insanity. Jessie Horsting, author of Stephen King at the Movies, said, " I loathed The Shining when it fir... ...e film with a shot evocative of Michael Snow's Wavelength1 which moves down a corridor and into a photograph, after which a dissolve provides still closer scrutiny of the photograph. The photograph shows a grinning Jack at the Overlook Hotel July 4th Ball in 1921. The date links America's independence with senseless violence, and the image of Jack suggests that his sanity now exists only in the past, while his "dark side" remains frozen in the snow-covered maze outside. In addition, as the film ends, Kubrick uses the sound of applause to blend the contemporary movie audience with the 1920s audience. The 1920s audience then begins to chatter as filmgoers would when exiting the theater. The contemporary audience members, therefore, usually overlook this soundtrack-just as they overlook Native American genocide and other instances of humanity's violence against humanity. Thus, even through its final credit sequence, The Shining attempts to disrupt the complacency and security of the audience-to hold up a mirror to viewers to show them that they were and are the guests at the Overlook Ball. For this reason, perhaps, Kubrick said The Shining is "the scariest horror movie of all time."

Short Essay About Dorian Gray :: Essays Papers

Short Essay About Dorian Gray In the early chapters of The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde, we are introduced to a young and naà ¯ve character, Dorian Gray. Wilde’s descriptions of the young man create a picture of an innocent yet easily influenced Dorian, who is just beginning to learn what the adult world is all about. He is happy and handsome, yet when he is introduced to Lord Henry, he begins to experiment a little bit more on the side of sin. He becomes obsessed with youth and beauty, and he says that he â€Å"would give everything, even [his] very soul† to remain attractive and young. After this declaration, the reader is introduced to a changed Dorian Gray and his new philosophies about life, which begin to sound a lot like Lord Henry’s thoughts. Dorian â€Å"falls in love,† and then he breaks a girl’s heart, causing her to end her life. His beautiful portrait begins to alter, and to keep others from witnessing this, he locks the picture away. At this point in the novel, the reader is brought forward in time, and Dorian is now closer to middle age. Oscar Wilde uses very dark words to set a dreary mood and also a very different sort of image than from the beginning of he novel. Dorian’s life over the past years is described in detail, marking his drastic change and the hold the Devil has over him. It appears that Dorian’s conscience and his very soul have left his body forever, leaving him a sinful and very conceited person. People despise him, and some even leave a room when he enters. It is very clear that Dorian Gray has morphed into someone who is his opposite from earlier in his life.

Related Local and Foreign Literature Essay

Local Literature An article from The Philippine Star dated August 7, 2012 by Louella D. Desiderio entitled â€Å"Businesses urged to use Internet to push products†. It shows that businesses are advised to use the Internet for promoting their products and services as more consumers are going online to research before making purchases. Companies should consider using online advertisements for the products and services they offer as more and more people are using the Internet to research goods they plan to buy before making the purchase. It also states that in the Philippines, the study showed that around 70 percent of consumers first make a research of their purchases online even if they purchase offline. This trend shows the potential of growing the business by going online.It is related to the study because it informs businesses that online advertising is very effective. It also shows that whether small or big businesses, they can easily have the benefits of online advertisements of reaching users at a time of relevance anywhere Local Study A research study conducted by Jean Louisse Villanueva Concha and Jossa Kristine Cruz Soler from University of the Philippines Diliman on April 2012 entitled â€Å"The Rise of Online Advertising and its Impact on the Future of the Philippine Newspaper†. The researchers conclude that online activity has reached an unprecedented rise owing to the popularity of social networking sites and the easier accessibility to computers and the internet for more people. As such, and with more methods of interactive and efficient advertising available online. The rising online presence causes advertises to invest more online advertising rather than newspaper advertising and the dwindling of newspaper readership causes advertisers to flee from the newspaper as another advertising medium has taken place. It is related to the study because online advertising is really popular to business and to audience or customers because it’s more easy to spread online ads than newspaper which will be more helpful to businesses also. Foreign Literature An article from Web Designer magazine dated 2013 by Steve Jenkins entitled â€Å"Pay As You Go Advertising†. It shows that for most types of advertising, advertisers pay for people to see the ad. With Google Adwords, the advertiser only pays when someone clicks on the ad and visit the website of  the business. The advertiser have complete control of adjusting or customizing the ad campaigns like how much to spend, who sees the ad, and where and when the customers see it. It is related to the study because it tells about Google Adword which will be of much help to advertisers and the business itself. It also shows that it is easy for advertisers to make an ad campaign of the business because they have the complete control and also help the business to be popular. Foreign Study A research study conducted by Shuai Yuan, Ahmad Zainal Abidin, Marc Sloan and Jun Wang from Cornell University of Ithaca, New York on June 2012 entitled â€Å"An Interplay among Advertisers, Online Publishers, Ad Exchanges and Web Users†. The researchers conclude that Internet advertising is a fast growing business which has proved to be significantly important in digital economics. It is vitally important for both web search engines and online content providers and publishers because web advertising provides them with major source of revenue. Its presence is increasingly important for the whole media industry due to the influence of the web. For advertisers, it is a smarter alternative to traditional marketing media such as TVs and newspapers. As the web evolves and data collection continues, the design of methods for more targeted, interactive, and friendly advertising may have a major impact on the way our digital economy evolves, and to aid societal development. It is related to the study because Google online advertising is one of the internet advertising in which it helps lots of businesses. Since Internet advertising is a fast growing business, it also help the economy. Local Literature An article from Adobo Magazine dated February 3, 2013 by Sanserif, Inc. entitled â€Å"Online Advertising to Surpass Print and TV in 2013†. It shows that online advertising has continued to grow, achieving 10% year on year growth recording $813.25 million for the three months ending September 2012. The results of the Online Advertising Expenditure Report (OAER) by IAB Australia, compiled by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), show that while the general advertising market is softening, online advertising is on track to surpass both newspaper and TV advertising in 2013. It is related to the  study because it shows how effective is online advertising to businesses that it became on track to surpass both newspaper and TV advertising in 2013. It also shows that online advertising is continuously growing and becoming more effective to advertisers and businesses. Foreign Literature An article from HBS Working Knowledge dated August 17, 2009 by John Quelch entitled â€Å"Quantifying the Economic Impact of the Internet†. It shows that Businesses around the advertising-supported Internet have incredible multiplier effects throughout the economy and society. Ironically, online advertising and the commercialization of the Web achieved important goals of the resisters mostly to preserve the Web as a medium for free publishing and communications. The Advertising-Supported Internet also helps the economy by fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and productivity. It is related to the study because it represents the impact of advertising in the economy by stressing how effective is online advertising and how online advertising helps the economy. Advertising through internet also has given lots of benefits to businesses and also our economy. Foreign Study A research study conducted by Matthew Duncan from Elon University in North Carolina, United States on November 18, 2011 entitled â€Å"Identifying different types of web advertising and its impact on consumer buying behavior†. The researcher concludes that since the explosion of Internet, web companies have invested an abundant of money into online advertising. Other forms of advertising such as in-store ads, print ads, and television and radio ads are still important but online advertising is growing significantly. Even with this explosion of online advertising, there are many different forms of advertising that is used on the Internet. Increasingly innovative types of advertising are coming into existence as the Web matures. The major types of online advertising are banner ads; text ads, interstitials, pop-ups ads, opt in mailing, HTML ads, and rich media ads. It is related to the study because it represents that internet is rapidly growing instead of other forms of advertising. Because of online advertising, lots of companies or businesses have grown and became more popular since advertisements were advertised globally and can be seen by lots of people because of the web. A dissertation conducted by Bharat Vyas. Nanduru from University of Westminster in London, United Kingdom on August 30, 2012 entitled â€Å"Measuring the Effectiveness of Online Media Advertising†. The researcher concludes that Advertising resources assigned to internet media have grown dramatically over the past few years. This growth is suggestively driven by search and performance. Measuring online advertising effectiveness is a very intricate process particularly in an ever changing environment where new resources are constantly developed every passing day. It is related to the study because online advertising like Google Adword have grown and help businesses to deliver more information to the potential customer at a relatively low cost. A research study conducted by Minchul Kim from University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, United States on August 2013 entitled â€Å"The Effects of Online Advertisements and News Images on News Reception†. The researcher concludes that in recent years, a growing number of people have considered the Internet to be their major source of news. In contrast, the number of subscribers to traditional newspapers have decreased drastically so has the advertising revenue for the newspaper industry. The decrease in adverting revenue for the industry increases the dependency of online news services on online advertising revenue which perpetuates the symbiotic relationship between the newspaper and advertising industries for audiences’ eyeballs in the era of the Internet. It is related to the study because online advertising is one way of attracting new customers and to spread advertisements easily. Google Online Advertising and other online advertising program became useful nowadays because a lot of people were using the internet. http://repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/15268/1/Tom%C3%A1s%20Alves%20-%20Thesis.pdf local lit http://technology.inquirer.net/36111/three-important-truths-in-online-search-and-advertising http://business.inquirer.net/14495/se-asia-consumers-lead-in-online-ad-acceptance http://technology.inquirer.net/40582/targeting-why-online-ads-work

Comparison of Private and Public Schools

Comparison of Private and Public Schools Are you someone who is considering whether or not private schools are better than public schools? Many families want to know more about the differences and similarities between private and public schools, and weve outlined several of the differences and similarities for you here. Whats Taught Public schools must adhere to state standards regarding what can be taught and how it is presented. Certain subjects such as religion and sexual practices are taboo. Rulings in many court cases over the years have determined the scope and limits of what can be taught and how it is presented in public school. By contrast, a private school can teach whatever it likes and present it in any way it chooses. Thats because parents choose to send their children to a specific school which has a program and educational philosophy with which they are comfortable. That doesnt mean that private schools run wild and dont provide a quality education; they still undergo rigorous accreditation processes regularly to ensure that they are providing the best educational experience possible. However, there is a similarity. As a rule, both public and private high schools require a certain number of credits in core subjects such as English, mathematics, and science in order to graduate. Admission Standards While public schools must accept all students within their jurisdiction with few exceptions. Behavior is one of those exceptions  and really bad behavior which must be well-documented over time. A private school, on the other hand, accepts any student it wishes to according to its academic and other standards. It is not required to give a reason why it has refused to admit anyone. Its decision is final. Both private and public schools use some kind of testing and review transcripts to determine the grade level for new students. Accountability Public schools must comply with a host of federal, state and local laws and regulations including No Child Left Behind, Title I, etc. The number of regulations with which a public school must comply is vast. In addition, public schools must also comply with all the state and local building, fire and safety codes just as the private schools must. Private schools, on the other hand, must observe federal, state and local laws such as annual reports to the IRS, maintenance of state-required attendance, curriculum and safety records and reports, compliance with local building, fire and sanitation codes. There is plenty of regulation, inspection, and review of the operations of both private and public schools. Accreditation Accreditation is generally required for public schools in most states. While accreditation for private schools is optional, most college prep schools seek and maintain accreditation from the major accrediting organizations. The process of peer review is a good thing for both private and public schools. Graduation Rates The rate of public school students graduating high school is actually on the rise since 2005-2006, maxing out at 82% in 2012-2013, with about 66% of students going on to college. A variety of factors come into play which results in that relatively low matriculation rate. The drop-out rate in public schools tends to have a negative effect on matriculation data, and many students who enter into trade careers tend to enroll at public schools rather than private, which decreases the rate of students who go on to college. In private schools, the matriculation rate to college is typically in the 95% and up range. Minority students who attend a private high school are more likely to attend college than minority students who attend public school according to NCES data. The reason why most private high schools do well in this area is that they are generally selective. They will only accept students who can do the work, and they tend to accept students whose goals are to continue in college.   Private schools also offer personalized college counseling programs to help students find the best fit colleges for them.   Cost Funding differs greatly between private and public schools. Public schools are not allowed to charge any tuition fees in most jurisdictions at the elementary level. You will encounter modest fees in high schools. Public schools are funded largely by local property taxes, though many districts also receive funding from state and federal sources. Private schools charge for every aspect of their programs. Fees are determined by market forces. Private school tuition averages about $9,582 per student according to Private School Review. Breaking that down further, private elementary schools tend to be $8,522 a year, while secondary schools average nearly $13,000. The average boarding school tuition, however, is $38,850, according to College Bound. Private schools take no public funding. As a result, they must operate with balanced budgets. Discipline Discipline is handled differently in private schools vs public schools. Discipline in public schools is somewhat complicated because students are governed by due process and constitutional rights. This has the practical effect of making it difficult to discipline students for minor and major infractions of the schools code of conduct. Private school students are governed by the contract which they and their parents sign with the school. It clearly spells out consequences for what the school considers unacceptable behavior. Safety Violence in public schools is a top priority for administrators and teachers. The highly-publicized shootings and other acts of violence which have taken place in public schools have resulted in the application of stringent rules and security measures such as metal detectors to help create and maintain a safe learning environment. Private schools are generally safe places. Access to campuses and buildings is carefully monitored and controlled. Because schools usually have fewer students than a public school, it is easier to supervise the school population. Both private and public school administrators have your childs safety on top of their list of priorities. Teacher Certification There are some  key differences between private and public schools regarding Teacher Certification. For example, public school teachers must be certified by the state in which they are teaching. Certification is granted once statutory requirements such as education courses and teaching practice are met. The certificate is valid for a set number of years and must be renewed. In most states, private school teachers can teach without a teaching certificate. Most private schools prefer teachers to become certified as a condition of employment. Private schools tend to hire teachers with a bachelors or masters degree in their subject.   Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Free Essays on Leadership And Management

INTRODUCTION Management is a phenomenon that has yet to be figured out. There are millions upon millions of books, articles, journals and various other types of commentary on management. These range from information on planning, organizing, administering, monitoring, controlling, motivating, participating, and inspiring organizations in long and short-term. All of these terms not only refer to roles of a manager, but also a leader. In today’s society with the increase in the global market and the rapid change in technology, it is extremely difficult for managers to perform all of the above functions, especially monitoring and controlling each employee. That is why leadership has become increasingly important within the motivational role. Leader and manager are terms that are synonymous, so there has become a focus on types of leadership depicted by theories, models and many other types of research. This paper is based upon the belief that it is crucial to research further into the theories of leadership and the roles of management and leadership. These terms tend to be confusing due to the functions of the manager and the term â€Å"leadership† as a conception, not a function. Management and leadership have different roles in various situations, and have been defined by these roles. In the book called The One Minute Manager, the author discusses various situations in which he is consulting a client. As this consultant was mentoring an entrepreneur on how to become a more effective manager, he began discussing the role of the manager, and assumptions of that role, â€Å"The assumption is that everyone works for the person above them in the organizational ladder. As a result, managers are thought to be ‘responsible’ for planning, organizing and evaluating everything that happens in the organization while their people are supposed to be ‘responsive to the directives of management’. That is why people like you end u... Free Essays on Leadership And Management Free Essays on Leadership And Management INTRODUCTION Management is a phenomenon that has yet to be figured out. There are millions upon millions of books, articles, journals and various other types of commentary on management. These range from information on planning, organizing, administering, monitoring, controlling, motivating, participating, and inspiring organizations in long and short-term. All of these terms not only refer to roles of a manager, but also a leader. In today’s society with the increase in the global market and the rapid change in technology, it is extremely difficult for managers to perform all of the above functions, especially monitoring and controlling each employee. That is why leadership has become increasingly important within the motivational role. Leader and manager are terms that are synonymous, so there has become a focus on types of leadership depicted by theories, models and many other types of research. This paper is based upon the belief that it is crucial to research further into the theories of leadership and the roles of management and leadership. These terms tend to be confusing due to the functions of the manager and the term â€Å"leadership† as a conception, not a function. Management and leadership have different roles in various situations, and have been defined by these roles. In the book called The One Minute Manager, the author discusses various situations in which he is consulting a client. As this consultant was mentoring an entrepreneur on how to become a more effective manager, he began discussing the role of the manager, and assumptions of that role, â€Å"The assumption is that everyone works for the person above them in the organizational ladder. As a result, managers are thought to be ‘responsible’ for planning, organizing and evaluating everything that happens in the organization while their people are supposed to be ‘responsive to the directives of management’. That is why people like you end u...